Manufacture of irregular objects



Aug. 27, 1929. L. E. ro|= HAM MANUFACTURE OF IRREGULAR OBJCTS Aug. 27,1929. L, E, T'QPHAM A 1,725,770

MANUFACTURE OF IRREGULAR OBJECTS Filed June 14. lez 3 sheets-sheet 2 l KI A l0 Figx. l f 62. l /0' l l Il I u 3 Sheets-Sheet 5 L. E. TOPHAMMANUFAGTURE OF IRREGULAR OBJECTS Filed June 14 1928 Aug. 27, 1929.

I the others.

Patented ti/ig. E?,

Unirse STATES PATENT GFFlllE.

LAURENCE E. TOPI-IAM, OF WENT-IAM, MASSACHUSETTS, ASSIGNOR TO UNITEDSHOE MACHINERY CORPORATION, OF PATERSON, NEVI JERSEY, A CORPRATION OlNEW' JERSEY.

Application filed June 14,

This invention relates to the manufacture of irregular objects in acopying lathe and is illustrated as embodied in a lathe for turninglasts.

Tt is often desirable in last or model making to alter a given model bytwistiny portions of it relatively to others around its longitudinalaxis. This problem has a peculiar application to the fitting of newstyle foreparts to standard heel parts, where it is sometimes necessaryto distort the rear end of the forepart a little in order to malte itfit properly the front end of the standard heel part.

In its method aspect, the present invention solves this problem byrelatively twisting the thin laminze, into which the model may beregarded as divided, around the longitudinal axis of the model, to whichthe laminae are perpendicular, in reproducing them in the block, andthis method of reproduction, having several aspects which will be betterunderstood after consideration of the annexed specification, forms animportant part of the invention.

In its machine aspect, the invention provides a mechanism whereby themethod can be practiced, and lasts of the desired character produced. Bymeans of this machine l am enabled to produce an effective relativerotational displacement during the repro-V duction from the given model,of one of the four primary instrumentalities of the copying lathe (themodel holder, block holder, model wheel and cutter), around the axis ofrotation of the model or block, relatively to Such displacement willpersist through at least one rotation of the model and bloc; in orc erthat the one or more thin slices or laminae of the model reproduced inthe work during such rotation may be rotated relatively to thoseadjacent to them.

In the illustrated machine this object is accomplished by displacing themodel wheel angularly around the axis of rotation of the model. Thismachine comprises mechanism for n'ioving the model wheel in a planeperpendicular to the axis of the model and for keeping it, in thatplane, at a predetermined uniform angular displacement from its standardposition (that position which is characteristic of exact 1:1reproduction), seen from the axis of rotation of the model. This willcause the model section or lamina 1928. Serial No. 285,468.

perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the model, which is beingreproduced, to lie in a correspondingly rotated position in the blockrelatively to those formed with the model wheel in its standardposition, and if the predetermined angle above mentioned is changedduring the cut from one end of the last to the other, as is providedfor, the model will be reproduced in twisted form in the block.

This and other features of the invention in its machine aspect will bebetter understood from a consideration of the illustrated machine asdescribed in the annexed specification and shown in the drawings, inwhich- Fig. l is a sectional elevation of a machine embodying theinvention in its machine aspeet;

Fig. 2 is a plan of the model wheel car riage of the machine;

Fig. 3 is a diagram; and

Fig. t is a plan of the entire machine.

A mechanical description of the machine will be first given, followed byits theory and a discussion of its operation.

The swing frame of the illustrated last lathe comprises arms 10, lextending from a heavy pivot shaft 12, as shown more in detail in myapplication Serial No, 530,214, filed January 18, 1922. Pivoted to astud 14 on one of the arms l0 is a link 16 which extends to the back ofthe machine and is pivoted at 18 to a fanboard 20. The fanboard 2O ispivoted at 22 to the frame of the machine. The illustrated fanboard hasnothing to do with width grading, as will be seen, but is similar inshape, appearance and movement tothe ordinary width grading fanboard andhas therefore herein been called by this name.

A model wheel carriage 2i is arranged to slide longitudinally of themachine on guides in the ordinary manner and has an upwardly extendingstandard 26 in which is mounted a model wheel carrying),` slide 28arranged to slide forward and backward in the standard. This slideeffects the horizontal component of the motion of the model wheelnecessary to produce its angular displacement about the model axis,which has been mentioned above. The slide 28 is moved as follows. Ttcontains a hole 30 through which extends a spindle 32 mounted in thestandard 26, the hole permitting free backward and -forward movement oftac slide. A cam member 34 is mounted on the spindle 32 and isoseillate'd on the axis ot' this spindle by toothed gearing 86, oneelement ot which is mounted upon the cam member 84 and the other upon abellncrank 38 pivoted at 40 on the standard 26. The bellcrank 38 isoperated by a link 42-44- 46 connecting it to the fanboard 2O (thenotation 42-44-46 and similar expressions indicating that the link 44 ispivoted to its connected members at 42 and 46). The connection at 46 isa sliding one, to a rod 47 integral with the anboard (Fig. 2), to permitthe model wheel carriage to slide along the 'anboard. A. model wheel 48is carried by a spindle 52 mounted in the model wheel slide 28, the axisof which spindle is parallel to the direction of travel of the modelwheel carriage. IThe spindle 52 is rotatably mounted in the end of alever arm 54 which is pivoted at 56 upon the slide 28 with the pivotalaxis 56 extending through the slide and playing forward and backwardwith the slide in a cut-out 57 in the standard 26. The further end ofthe axis 56, as seen in Fig. 1, carries a lever arm 58 extending in theopposite direction to the arm 54 and having on its end a cam roll 60which runs in a cam slot 62 in the cam member 84. Thus the movement ofthe fanboard is communicated through the gearing 86 to the cam member 34to the lever arm 58, spindle 52 and model wheel slide 28.

The vertical movement of the model wheel 48 is effected as follows. Thelever arm 58 is connected by a link 646668 to a. bellcrank -72-74 (thisnomenclature indieating that the bell-crank has arms 70-74 and ispivoted at 7 2) pivoted on the standard 26. T he pivot 72 of this crankextends through the standard 26 and the arms are on opposite sides 'ofthe standard. rThe arm 74 oi this bell-crank is adjustably connected bya link 76-7880 to the fanboard 20. The connection at 8O is a roll whichcan be adjusted up and down on the fanboard and can slide longitudinallyon it as the model wheel carriage moves. Thus the anboard 1novement willmove the lever arm 58 vertically, causing' a corresponding movement ofthe model wheel 48.

The model wheel 48 is itself (Fig. 2) mounted on a little spindle 79mounted integrally upon the spindle 52 but making a horizontal angle oi'about 30o therewith for the purpose explained in United States LettersPatent No. 1,380,841, granted February 17, 1920, on the application ofF. S. Buck, and the center 81 of the wheel is in the central axis of thespindle 52. As stated, the spindle 52 with the spindle 79 and modelwheel carried on it are rotatable in the end ot' the lever arm 54. `Theyare rotated by the crank arm 82 mounted upon an enlargement 88 2)connecting the spindles 52 and 79, and the crank arm 82 is connected bya link 84-86-88 to the arni 90 of the bell-crank 90-56-92 which isrotatably mounted upon the axis 56. The members 82, 86, 90, 54 form aparallelogram. The arm 92 et the bell-crank last referred to isconnected by a link 94--96-98 to the arm 100 of a bell-crank 100-102-104pivoted on the standard 26 at 102 and the bell-crank arm 104 isconnected by a link 106-108110 to the link 78. Thus the movement of thefanboard is enabled to rock the shaft 52 with the model wheel axis 79carried by it.

A link 107-109-111 connects the link 78 to a block 112 which isadjustable in a circular slot 114 formed in a correspondingly shapedmember 115 pivoted at 116 en the model wheel carriage. The block 112 isalso connected by a` link 111-4-120-122 to the end of a crank 124pivoted at 126 to the standard 26 and carrying` a toothed segment 128which cooperates with a worm 180 on a shaft 182 operated by a handle134. This handle, therefore, will adjust the block 112 in the circularslot 114 and thus move the link 109 to adjust the roll 80 on thefanboard 20.

A cam 186 pivoted at 187 on the model Wheel carriage cooperates with acam roll 138 on the end of a crank arm 140 mounted integrally with themember 115. The crank arm is pulled upwardly to hold the cam roll incontact with the cam by a spring 141. The cam is rotated in exact timedrela-tion to the model by a gear 142 integral with the cam and drivenfrom a toothed shaft 144 which extends longitudinally through themachine, allowing the gear 142 to maintain cont-act with it in allpositions of the model wheel carriage.

The model and block are driven as follows. Mounted on the shaft 144 atthe end of the main frame is a gear 146 which, through a suitable geartrain located in the main trame, rotates a model 148, carried by theswing frame, by means of a gear 150 pivoted upon the axis of the shaft12 and engaging a gear 152 mounted on spindle 154 in the swing frame, towhich gear 152 is rigidly connected, another gear 156 engaging a gear158 mounted on the model spindle 160. The gear 156 has just half as manyteeth as the gear .158 which, as eX- plained in my copending applicationSerial No. 580,214, hereinbefore referred to, will cause a radial planeof the model 148 which passes through the standard position ot the modelwheel center to continue to pass through that position irrespective ofrotation of the swing frame itself.

The means for suspending the model 148 and the lwork block 162 in theswing frame, the cutter carriage 168 carrying the cutter in an angularrelation to the axis of rotation ci the block similar but opposite tothat described between the model wheel and the axis of rotation of themodel, and the drive ot the model wheel and cutter carriages in oppositedirections by a right and lett screw 165, are all substantially asexplained in my application Serial No. 530,- 214 and need not bediscussed in detail here.

The theory oit the machine will next'be explained. ln order to designthe machine a. so-called mean radius 't the model is empirically adoptedon which to base. the performance of the machine. This is indicated at16d in Fig. 8, the swing 'frame 1() being swung out to the position itwould take it the end of this radius ot the model 148 lay on thc tace otthe model wheel 18. An arc 166 is described from the center 160 ascenter with the distance 160-81 as radius, 81 in Fig. 3 being the normalposition ot the model wheel center, that is, the position taken by itwhen the cam roll 60 is on the center 32 (Fig. 1), and when the spindle52 is in the same horizontal plane with the centers 56 and 82. (This isthe position f characteristic of exact 1: 1 reproduction. lt

is in exact alinement with the cutter center.) The shape oit the camslot 62 is determined by carrying the center 81 (Fig. 3) around the arc166, as at 81a, keeping the tulcrum 56 ein: the lever 5er- 58, as at 56,in the line 81.-32 (Fig. 8) along which it slides by the movement of theslide 28. The path ot the cam roll. 60 is then plotted as the curve 628), only the lower half of which is 'there shown. The curve 62 will notbe circular, and the upper and lower branches oft it will notnecessarily be alike.

The desired angular position of the cam roll 6() along this curve, thatis, the position which will effect, for example, a. 5o displacement orthe model wheel center 81 around the chosen position of the model centeris obtained by a suitable setting of the handle 184, which adjusts thelink 78 up and down the ifanboard 20, the position of which isdetermined by the adopted position oli the swing frame 10, and throughthe bell-crank -72-74 and the link 64b-66# 68, determines the positionof the cam roll 60 in the cam slot 62. Any setting ott the handle 134will thus swing the model wheel cent-er 81 through the corresponding`anglev on a circle about the adopted position of the model center, andwill thus displace thecenter of the model wheel 48 angularly about thecenter 160 relatively to the cutter (or to the standard position of themodel wheel).

1t new the model in Fig. 3 be conceived to rotate so as to bring the endof a longer radius 16st on the face ot the model wheel, moving thecenter 160 in Fig. 3fto 160', and the design ot' the cam slot 62repeated for this condition of things, as shown by the primed numeralsin Fig; 3, it will be found that the corres-pending` cam slot 62 (Fig.3)

will intersect the cam slot 69. at the point 82 and also at the pointcorresponding to the intersection at 8lb of the two arcs 166 and 166. lnpractice only a very small portion et the arcs 62, 69.', near the point3Q, will be used, and this port-ion of the arc 62', though very slightlyditerent in shape 'trom the corresponding portion of the arc 62, can beregarded merely as a slightly rotated position of the arc 62 itself,around the point 32. The error due to the adoption of the same shape otcam slot for all conditions is so small as to be regarded as'immaterial. '.lhe proper angular position of the cam slot about thecenter 32 is, however, important and is secured by the mechanism36--38-40-42-44-46. As the model turns, the swing trame swings and movesthe 'anboard 2O correspondingly, and the above-mentioned mechanism is sodesigned as to throw the cam slot 62 into the proper position for anyposition of' the swing trame 10.

The mechanism connecting the handle 184iivith the link 7 8 must be laidout by trial. Preferably all the mechanism will be laid out to fitexactly the conditions corresponding to the mean model radius and to theZero model radius, when it will be well enough adapted to otherconditions.

ln another way of looking at the matter, suppose the swing frame 10(Figs. 1 and to be swung outward. The tanboard 20, the lever d-S, andthe cam slot 62 will swing clockwise. The radius 164 (Fig. will alwayscontinue 'to make the same angle with the line 160-81-because et thegear relation 156-158, and will swing counterclockwise as the point 160moves along the circle 81-160 about the center 12, and the movement ofthe model wheel center 81 will just keep the point 160 on this radius.

The eiieect of this construction is easily seen. The model wheel willalways contact with the model at a point on a model radius which makesa. constant angle with the line 160-81. This line 160-81 represents alsothe line joining the axis of the block with the cutter center, so thatthe whole model section (perpendicular to the axis of rotation 160),which is then under treatment when reproduced in the block will beshifted around in space about this anisr relatively to its position inthe model, ii the cam 136 is circular. It the cam 136 is not circular,or if the handle 134i be moved during one revolution of the model, themodel section will be distorted in the block, and dilerent parts of itwhen reproduced in the block, will be angularly shifted around the axiset rotation of the model and block by varying amounts.

In case the lathe has its model wheel and cutter mounted on axesparallel to the model and block axes, nothing further than the soymechanism already discussed is necessary for proper performance. In thedisclosed lathe, however, the axes ot the modelY wheel and cutter aresimilarly oblique to t-he axes ot the model and block, respectively, andit is necessary to preserve the similarity ot this relation in therevolution of the model wheel about the center ot' the model, that is,the model wheel axis 79 as well as the model wheel center 81, must berevolved. This is accomplished by the parallelogram 5dr-82- 86-90 andits attached crank 92, operated by the link 96, bell-cranlrl100-102-10/1 and links 108, 78, from the fanboard. This mechanism islaid out by trial as suggested above. The rotation ot the spindle 52 onits own axis necessary to turn the spindle 79 through'the proper angleis obviously equal to the angular move-ment of the center 81 about thethen position of the model center 150.

The preceding theoretical description has proceeded under the theorythat the member 115 has remained motionless, as it would do if the cam136 were circular. It such a cam were used, and the handle 134 set andlett uncisturbed, the last cutI would be exactly lilre the model, butthe last and model would be relatively angularly displaced in themachine about their common axis 160. It the setting of the handle 134Cbe changed as the cutting proceeded, so as to change the amount of therevolution of the model wheel center about the model center at diierentpoints along the length of the last, the last produced will have itsdifferent parts lying one after the other along its longitudinal axis,relatively twisted or rotated around this axis. This change in settino'the handle 13sL will ordinarily be slow so that the relative rotationbetween the laminas formed during two successive rotations oi"V theblock will be small. Such rotation is herein termed ditferential.

This phenomenon can be regarded from two points of view. The model canbe regarded as composed of a series of parallel laminas allperpendicular to its axis of rotation 160, and these laminas will berelatively angularly displaced about the axis 160. The model can also beregarded as being composed ot a series of wedge-shaped sectors allradiating from the axis 160, and

the procedure just-i described will bend or warp these sectors.

The cam 136, it non-circular, as shown in Fig, 1, moves the member 115,and since the am rotates synchronously with the model, it effects acycle ot' movement ot the model wheel around the model axis 160 in eachrevolution ot the model. Consider, as be.- fore, the model as dividedinto a large number'ot' sectors by equally angularly spaced planes allpassing through the axis 160. The eiiect ot the cam 136 is to reproducethese planes in the block planes, but in unequally angularly spacedrelation to one another, causing Vsome ot the sectors to be thickenedand others to be thinned. It produces the same effect as would a cycleof varying settings of the handle 134, the length of the cyclecorresponding with a. rotation ot the model.

By the combined use of the handle 1311 and the cam 136, the effects ofthe cam cycle can be magnilied or diminished by changing thek handlesetting, at differentpoints along the length orn the last.

lt might be stated that the movement ot the model wheel around the modelcenter is zero when the cam roll 60 is over the center 32, and that thishappens when the roll is on the center 22. At such times the distancefrom the center 107 to the center 11oV is equal to the length ot' thelink 109, so that by setting the pivot 111 to the center 116, by thehandle 1311, this neutral condition can be maintained.

bviously, several points of view as to the effect produced by themechanismare proper. For example, the model may be regarded as distortedand reproduced, as so distorted, in the block: or the distortion may beregarded as originating in the block itself during the reproduction froman undistorted model.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim as new and desire tosecure by Letters Patent ot the United States is:

1. That improvement in methods of reproducing irregular objects whichconsists in reproducing in a block substantially parallel sections of amodel differentially rotated upon one another around an axisperpendicular to their planes.

2. That improvement in methods of rcproducing irregular' objects whichconsists` in ditlerel'itially rotating substantially parallel planesections ot a model about an axis perpendicular to their planes, andreproducing them, so rotated, in a bloclr. Y

3. That improvement in methods of reproducing irregular objects whichconsists in automatically reproducing in a block substantially parallelsections of a model diferentially rotated upon one another around anaxis perpendicular to their planes.

4. That improvement in methods of reproducing irrenular objects whichconsists in automatically differentially rotating sul stantiallyparallel plane sections oll a model about an axis perpendicular to theirplanes, and Vreproducing them, so rotated, in a block.

5. That improvement in methods of reproducing irregular objects whichconsists in reproducingV in a block substantially parallel sections of amodel differentially rotated upon one another around an axisperpendicular to their planes according to a predetermined law.

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6. That improvement in methods of reproducing irregular objects Whichconsists in differentially rotating according to a predetermined lawsubstantiallyT parallel plane sections ot a model about an axisperpendicular to their planes, and reproducing them, so rotated, in ablock.

7. That improvement in methods of rearoducing irregular objects whichconsists in reproducing in a block those plane sections ot' a modelwhich radiate from a given line, the sections being reproduced in theblock in rotated positions about the reproduction of the line.

8. T hat improvement in methods ot reproducing irregular objects whichconsists .in reproducing in a block those plane sect-ions ot a modelwhich radiate from a given line, the sections being reproduced in theblock in rotated positions about the reproduction ot the line accordingto a predetermined laiv.

9. That improvement in methods of reproducing irregular objects whichconsists in reproducing in a block those plane secg tions ot a modelwhich radiate 'from a given line, the sections being reproduced in thebloclr` in relatively rotated positions about the reproduction ot theline. l

10. That improvement in methods of reproducing irregular objects whichconsists in reproducing in a block those plane sections of a model Whichradiate from a given line, the sections being reproduced in the block inrelatively rotated positions about the reproduction ol' the lineaccording to a predetermined law.

11. That improvement in methods of reproducing irregular objects ivhichconsists in rotating around a line in a model those plane sections ofthe model Which pass through that line, and reproducing them, thusrotated, in a block.

i2. That improvement in methods of reproducing irregular objects whichconsists in relatively rotating around a line in a model those planesections ot' the model which pass through that line, and reproducingthem, thus rotated, in a block.

13. rlliat improvement in methods of reproducing irregular objects whichconsists in reproducing in warped positions in a block those planesections ot a model which radiate trom al given line in tie model.

le. That improvement in methods ot reproducing irregular objects whichconsists in warping the plane sections of a model which radiate from aline in the model, and reproducing them, thus Warped, in a bloclr.

15. That improvement in methods ot ref producing irregular objects whichconsists in relativelj.7 warping the plane sections of a model whichradiate 'trom a line in the model. and reproducing them, thus Warped, ina block.

16. That improvement in methods oi' reproducing irregular objects whichconsists in reproducing those plane sections of a model which radiatefrom a givenline in the model, in Warped and relatively rotatedpositions about the reproduction of the line.

17. That improvement in methods ot reproducing irregular objects whichconsists in Wai-ping the plane sections ot a model which radiate from aline in the model, relatively rotating them about the line, andreproducing them, thus Warped and rotated, in a block.

18. In a copying lathe, means for holding a model and a block, copyingand cutting instrumentalities for following similarly around the modeland the block to reproduce the model in the block, and means forrelatively revolving the said instrumentalities around the model andblock, respectively.

19. In a copying lathe, means tor holding a model and a block,copyingand cutting instrumentalities for following similarly around themodel and the block to reproduce the model in the block, and means forrelatively revolving the said instrumentalities around the model andblock, respectively, and 'for holding them in their relatively revolvedpositions.

20. ln a copying lathe, a model Wheel, a tool, holders arranged torotate a model and a bloclr relatively against the model Wheel and tool,respectively, normally at equal angular velocities, and means torvarying the ratio of the said angular velocities.

21. In a copying lathe, a model Wheel, a tool, holders arranged torotate a model and a block relatively against the model Wheel and tool,respectively, normally at equal angular velocities, and means forautomatically varying the ratio of the said angular velocities.

22. ln a copyinglathe, a model Wheel, a tool, holders arranged to rotatea model and a bloclr relatively against the model Wheel and tool,respectively, normally at equal angular velocities, and means forautomatically varying the ratio ot the said angular velocities in acycle corresponding to each rotation ot the model and block.

23. ln a copying lathe, a model Wheel` a tool, holders arranged torotate a model and a block relatively against the model Wheel and tool,respectively, normally at equal anguiar velocities, means forautomatically varying the ratio ot' the said angular velocities in acycle corresponding to each rotation of the model and block, and meansfor varying the cycle in different portions of the model and bloclr.

24. In a copying lathe, a model Wheel, a tool, holders arranged torotate a model and a block against the model Wheel and tool,

respectively, at normally equal angular velocities,A and `means forangularly `relatively displacing the model Wheel and tool around theaxes ot rotation of the model and block respectively.

25. In a copying lathe, a model wheel, a tool, holders arranged torotate a model and a block against the model Wheel and tool,respectively, at normally equal angular velocities, and means forangularly relatively displacing the model Wheel and tool around the axesof rotation of the model and block respectively andv for maintaining thesaid relative displacement during a number of rotations ot the model andthe block.

26. In a copying lathe, a model Wheel.l a tool, holders arranged torotate a model and a block against the model Wheel and tool,

respectively, at normally equal angular velocities, and means forangularly relatively displacing the model Wheel and tool around the axesof rotation of the model and block, respectively, in a cyclecorresponding to the rotation period of the model and block.

27. In a copying lathe, a model Wheel, a tool, holders arranged torotate a model and a block against the model Wheel and tool,respectively, at normally equal angular velocities, means for angularlyrelatively displacing the model Wheel and tool around the axes oi"rotation et the model and block, respectively, in a cycle correspondingto the rotation period of the model and block, and means for varying thecycle of relative displacement at Will. t

28. In a copying lathe, four primary 1nstrurnentalities, viz, a modelWheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a blockagainst the model Wheel and tool respectively, the contact between themodel Wheel and model controlling the depth of cut of the tool in theblock, and means for relatively moving said lfour primary instru-yn'xentalities to reproduce in the block parallel sections ot the modelrelatively rot-ated on one another around an axis perpendicular to theirplanes.

29. In a copying lathe, .four primary instrumentalities, viz, a modelWheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a blockagainst the model Wheel and tool respectively, the contact between themodel Wheel and model controlling the depth of cut of the tool in theblock, and means for relatively moving said four primary instrumentalities to rotate upon one another parallel sections ont' the model,about an axis perpendicular to their pla-nes, and reproduce them, sorelatively rotated, in the block.

30. In a copying lathe, tour primary instrumentalities, viz, a modelWheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a blockagainst the model Wheel and tool respectively, the contact between themodel Wheel and model controlling the depth of cut ot' the tool in theblock, and means for relatively moving said tour primaryinstrumentalities to rotate relatively to one another about a line inthe model, plane sections of the model passing through the line andreproducing them, so relatively rotated, in the block.

8l. In a copying lathe, four primary instrumentalities, viz, a modelWheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a blockagainst the model Wheel and tool respectively, the contact between themodel Wheel and model controlling the depth o1c cut of the tool in theblock, and means for relatively moving said tour primaryinstrumentalities to reproduce plane sections ot' a model radiating froma line thereof, in the block in positions relatively rotated about thereproduction of the line.

32. In a copying lathe, four primary instrumentalities, viz, a'modelWheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a blockagainst the model Wheel and tool respectively, the Contact between themodel wheel and model controlling the depth of cut of the tool in theblock, and means for relatively moving said tour primaryinstrumcntalities to Warp plane sections ot a model passing through agiven line thereof, and to reproduce them, so Warped, in the block.

38. In a copying lathe, four primary instrumentalities, viz, a modelWheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a blockagainst the model Wheel and tool respectively, the contact between themodel wheel and model controlling the depth of cut ot the tool in theblock, and means for relatively moving said four primaryinstrumentalities to reproduce in the block plane sections of the modelradiating from a given line thereof, in Warped positions.

34. In a copying lathe, tour primary instrumentalities, viz, a modelwheel, a tool,

and holders arranged to rotate a model and a block against the modelWheel and tool respectively, the contact between the model wheel andmodel controlling the depth of cut of the tool in the block, and meanstor relatively angularly shifting the model Wheel and the tool about theaxes of rotation ot' the model and block respectively.

35. In a copying lathe, tour primary instrumentalities, viz, a modelWheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a. blockagainst the model Wheel and tool respectively, the contact between themodel Wheel and model controlling the depth of cut of the tool in theblock, means for relatively angularly shifting the model Wheel and thetool about the axes of rotation of the model and block respectively, andmeans .for maintaining the angular shift during a number of rotations ofthe model and block.

86. In a copying lathe, tour primary instrumentalities, viz, a modelWheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a blockagainst the model Wheel and tool respectively, the contact between themodel wheel and model controlling' the depth of cut ot the tool in theblock, means for relatively angularly shitting the model wheel and thetool about the axes of rotation of the model and block respectively, andmeans it'or varying the amount of relative angular shift.

37. In a copying lathe, four primary instrument-alities, viz, a modelwheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a blockagainst. the model wheel 4and tool respectively, the contact between themodel wheel and model controlling the depth el' eut of the tool in theblock, means for relatively angularly shitting the model wheel and thetool about the axes o'l rotation or" the model and block respectively,and means automatically for varying the amount et relative angularshift.

38. In a copying lathe., four primary instrumentalities, viz, a modelwheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a blockagainst the model wheel and tool respectively, the contact between themodel wheel and model controlling the depth et cut of the tool in theblock, means for relatively angularly shifting the model wheel and thetool about the axes of rotation of the model and block respectively, anda cam for varying the amount of relative angular shift.

39. In a copying lathe, tour primary instrumentalities, viz, a modelwheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a blockagainst the model wheel and tool respectively, the contact between themodel wheel and model controlling the depth et out of the tool in theblock, means lor relatively angularly shitting the model wheel and thetool about. the axes of rotation et the model and block respectively,and means automatically Jfor varying the amount of relative angularshift during one revolution of the model and block.

40. In a copying lathe, four primary instrumentalities, viz, a modelwheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a blockagainst the model wheel and tool respectively, the contact between themodel wheel and model controlling the depth of cut oi the tool in theblock, means tor relatively angularly shifting the model wheel and thetool about the axes ot' rotation of the model and block respectively,and means automatically for varying the amount of relative angular shiftduring` one revolution of the model and block, operating in a cyclehaving the same time length as a rotation of the model and block.

41. In a copying lathe, tour primary instrumentalities, viz, a modelwheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a blockagainst. the model wheel and tool respectively, the Contact between themodel wheel and model controlling the depth of cut ot' the tool in theblock, and means for relatively angularly shifting the model wheel andthe tool about the aXes et rotation oit the model and block respectivelycomprising a pivoted member carrying the model wheel.

4:2. In a copying lathe, tour primary instrumentalities, viz, a. modelwheel, a. tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a blockagainst the model wheel and tool respectively, the contact between themodel wheel and model controlling the depth of cut of the tool in theblock, and means Jfor relatively angularly shifting the model wheel andthe tool about the axes of rotation ot the model and block respectivelycomprising a slide and a member pivoted on the slide and carrying themodel wheel.

3. In a copying lathe', tour primary instrumentalities, viz, a modelwheel, a tool, and holders arranged to rotate a model and a blockagainst the model wheel and tool respectively, the Contact between themodel wheel and model controlling the depth ot cut of the tool in theblock, and means Jfor relatively singularly shitting the model wheel andthe tool about the axes of rotation of the model and blocl: respectivelycomprising a slide and a member pivoted on the slide and carrying themodel wheel, and means for controlling the slide and the pivoted member.

4A. In a copying lathe, three primary instrumentalities, viz, a modelwheel, a tool, and a swing trame. having holders arranged to rotate amodel and a block against the model wheel and tool respectively, thecontact between the model wheel and model controlling the depth of cutof the tool in the block, means for relatively angular-ly shifting themodel wheel and the tool about the axes ot rotation of the model andblock respectively conuarising a slide and a member pivoted on the slideand carrying the model wheel, and means, governed by the swing trame,for controlling lthe slide and the pivoted member.

45. In a copying machine, a tool, a swing.;` frame a 1ranged to carry amodel and block, a lever arranged for a movement ot combined rotationand translation and carrying a model wheel, a connection between theswing frame and the lever arranged to rotate the lever as the swingframe moves, and a cam connected to the swing trame to cause thetranslatory movement of the lever, the said cam and connections beingarranged to keep the model wheel center in a. plane passing through theaxis ot the model and making a. predetermined. fixed angle other thanZero with a plane passing through the tool center and the axis etrotation of the block.

46. In a copying lathe, a lever carrying a. model wheel on one end, aslide carr l In the pivot of the lever, a pivoted cam enga-ging theother end of the lever, a swing :trame and a connection between theswing frame and the cam arranged to move the cam, and a connectionbetween the swing frame and the lever to move the second-named end ofthe lever on the cam.

47. ln a copying lathe, a lever carrying a model wheel on one end, aslide carrying the pivot oil the lever, a pivoted cam engaging the otherend of the lever, a swing frame and a connection between the swing frameand the cam arranged to move the cam, and a connection between the swingframe and the lever to move the second-named end of the lever on thecam, the first said connection being invariable and the second saidconnection being adjustable.

a8. In a copying lathe, a swing frame, a model wheel carriage, a slidemounted therein, a lever pivoted on the slide and carrying a model wheelon one of its ends, a cam pivoted on the model wheel carriage andcontrolling the other end of the lever, a connection between the swingframe and the cam to rock the cam, a anboard linked to vthe swing frame,mechanism connecting the lever and the anboard to move the second-namedend of the lever on the cam, and means Jor adjusting the connectionbetween the mechanism and the fanboard.

19. In a copying lathe, a swing frame, a model wheel carriage, a slidemounted therein, a lever pivoted onthe slide and carrying a model wheelon one ot its ends, a cam piv'oted on the model wheel carriage andcontrolling the other end of the lever, a connection between the swingframe and the cani to rock 'the cam, a anboard linked to the swingframe, mechanismconnecting the lever and the fanboard to move thesecondnamed end or" the lever on the cam, and means comprising a secondcam for adjusting the connection between the said mechanism and theanboard.

50. In a copying lathe, a swing frame, a model wheel carriage, a slidemounted therein, a lever pivoted on the slide and carrying a model wheelon one of its ends, a cam pivoted on the model wheel carriage andcontrolling the other end of the lever, a connection between the swing:trame and the cam to roel; the cam, a i'anboard linked to the swineframe, mechanism connecting the lever and the anboard to move thesecondnamed end ot the lever on the cam, and means for adjusting theconnection between the mechanism and the '.tanboard comprising aperiodic cam having a cycle of operation olE the same time length as therotation period of a model in the swing trame.

5l. In a copying lathe, a swing frame, a model wheel carriage, a slidemounted therein, a lever pivoted on the slide and carrying a model wheelon one of its ends, a cam pivoted on the model wheel carriage andcontrolling the other end of the lever, a connection between the swingframe and the cam to rock thecam, a anboard linked to the swing frame,mechanism connecting the lever and the fanboard to move the secondnamedend of the lever on the cam, means tor adjusting the connection betweenthe mechanism and the lfanboard comprising a periodic cam having a cycleof operation of the same ltime length as the rotation period of a modelin the swing frame, and manually operated means for varying the cycle ofoperation of the cam.

52. ln a copying lathe, means :tor holding and rotating a model and ablock, a model and a cutter with their axes similarly oblique to theaxes of rotation of the model and block respectively, and arranged tocontact with the model and the block respectively, and means i'orrevolving the model wheel axis around the axis of rotation of the model.

53. In a copying lathe, an oscillating frame arranged for carrying amodel and a block and for rotation of the model and block therein, amodel wheel and a tool arranged to co-operate with the model and blockrespectively, and mounted on axes similarly oblique to the axes ofrotation of the model wheel and tool respectively, and means forrevolving one of the said similarly oblique axes about the said axis ofrotation related to it, from its normal position, through apredetermined angle, and for maintaining he angle between the normal andrevolved positions, as measured from the said axis ci rotation,irrrespective of the position of the oscillating iframe.

5d. In a copying lathe, an oscillating frame arranged for carrying amodel and a block and for rotation of the model and block therein, amodel wheel and a tool arranged to cri-operate with the model and lockrespectively, and mounted on axes similarly oblique to the axes ofrotation of the model wheel and tool respectively, and means forrevolving the model wheel axis through a predetermined angle from itsnormal position, about the axis of rotation ot' the model,` and formaintaining the said angular relation between the normal and revolvedpositions as seen from the axis of rotation of the model. irrespectiveof the position of the model on its axis.

55. In a copying lathe, an oscillating fra-me arranged for carrying amodel and a block and )forl rotation of the model and block therein, amodel wheel and a tool arranged to co-operate with the model and blockrespectively, and mounted on axes similarly oblique t the axes ofrotation ot' the model wheel and tool respectively, and means forrevolving the model wheel axis through a predetermined angle from itsnormal position about the axis of rotation of the model, and formaintaining the said angular relation between the normal and revolvedpositions as seen from the axis of rotation of the model irrespective ofthe position of the model on its axis, said means comprising a mechanismcarrying the model wheel and ar anged to move it in a plane at rightangles to 'the axis of rotation of the model, said mechanism beingcontrolled by the movement of the oscillating frame.

56. In a copying lathe, an oscillating frame arranged for carrying amodel and a block and tor rotation of the model and block therein, amodel wheel and a tool arranged to co-operate with the model and blockrespectively, and mounted on axes similarly oblique to the axes ofrotation of the model Wheel and tool respectively, and means forrevolving the model Wheel axis through a predetermined angle from itsnormal position, about the axis of rotation of the model, and formaintaining the said angular relation between the normal and revolvedpositions as seen from the axis of rotation of the model irrespective ofthe position of the model on its axis, said means comprising a slidinglever carrying the model wheel axis on one of its ends, a connectionbetween the oscillating frame and the lever for swinging' the modelwheel center through the said predetermined angle, and a connectionbetween the oscillating frame and the model Wheel axis arranged torotate the model wheel axis aboutthe model Wheel center, through thesame angle.

57. In a copying lathe, an oscillating frame arranged for Carrying amodel and a block and for rotation oi' the model and block therein, amodel wheel and a tool arranged to co-operate with the model and blockrespectively, and mounted on axes similarly oblique to the axes or'rotation oi? the model wheel and tool respectively, and means forrevolving the model wheel axis through a predetermined angle from itsnormal position, about the axis of rotation of the model, and Jformaintaining the said angular relation between the normal and revolvedpositions as seen from the axis of rotation of the model irrespective ofthe position of the model on its axis, said means comprising a slidinglever, a shaft mounted in the lever and carrying the model Wheel, acontrolling mechanism for the lever operated by movement of theoscillating frame, arranged to swing the model wheel center through thesaid predetermined angle, and a controlling mechanism for the shaftarranged to rotate the shaft through the predetermined angle.

In testimony whereof I have signed my name to this specification.

LAURENCE n. rorHAM.

